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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Manned Space Log 1.54 (c) 1990 by Gene Heitman | | Released 1/8/90 | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Synopsis Manned Space Log is an AmigaBASIC program that presents information on the man-related space missions of the United States and the Soviet Union. This archive contains the following files: SpaceLog, SLMissions, and SpaceLog.doc (and their associated .info files). SpaceLog requires that AmigaBASIC be in the same directory as the one containing SpaceLog and SLMissions unless you change the default tool of the SpaceLog icon or specify the correct path in the CLI. Contents I - Explanation II - Examples III - Directions IV - Release Notes V - Launch Sites VI - Soviet Launch Vehicle Designations VII - Sources VIII - Space-Related Organizations I - Explanation Manned Space Log is an AmigaBASIC program written for the Commodore Amiga personal computer. It uses a sequential file that contains data for all of the man-related space missions of the United States and the Soviet Union from the beginning of the space age to the present. The file (SLMissions) contains 368 space missions, listed in chronological order, that were related to the development of manned space flight. For each mission the following data is given: mission name, launching nation, launch date, launch site, launch vehicle, payload weight in pounds, orbital period in minutes (total flight time for suborbital missions), orbital perigee in statute miles, orbital apogee in statute miles, orbital inclination in degrees, and remarks. This program is being released as freeware (the program is free but the copyright remains with the original author) and may be posted at will as long as the archive and all of its component files remain unchanged. This program may be distributed in unarchived form on public domain disks as long as all of the files are unchanged, they are in the same directory, and there is no charge except for a reasonable copying fee. If you do feel the urge to send me some money (cash, travelers checks, loose change, personal checks, no credit cards), I'll use it to buy computer equipment. The data in the program is based on my own research and material from NASA, the Congressional Research Service, the U.S. Air Force, several aerospace companies, and many individual authors. Any credit for the success of my program must go in large part to them. I am solely responsible for any errors which may be present. The current version of this program can be found in the Amiga areas on PeopleLink and GEnie. In the near future I plan to rewrite this program in both Lattice C and ARexx. Anyone who has comments or suggestions for improvements should contact the author via any of the means listed below. Your input will be very welcome. U.S. Mail: Gene Heitman, 513 Selma Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63119 Telephone: (314) 968-0389 CompuServe: 76317,206 PeopleLink: GENEH GEnie: E.HEITMAN BIX: gheitman II - Examples Listed below are four examples of man-related space missions and an accompanying description of what each example means. The missions are shown in the same format as they would appear on the screen when you run the program. Example 1: Mission # 35 MERCURY-ATLAS 6 USA 02/20/62 KSC ATLAS D 2987 LBS 88.5 MIN 100 MI 163 MI 32.5 DEG JOHN GLENN ORBITS EARTH 3 TIMES On February 20, 1962, the United States launched Mercury-Atlas 6 from what was to be named later the Kennedy Space Center. Atop the Atlas D booster was astronaut John Glenn inside his 2,987-pound Mercury capsule. The spaceraft was inserted into an orbit inclined 32.5 degrees from the equator and with an 88.5 minute orbital period. The perigee of the orbit was 100 statute miles and the apogee was 163 statute miles. John Glenn completed three orbits before returning to Earth. Example 2: Mission # 39 X-15 NO 3 FLIGHT 7 USA 07/17/62 EAFB X-15 NO 3 34000 LBS 11 MIN 0 MI 59 MI - DEG BOB WHITE ON 1ST X-15 SPACEFLIGHT On July 17, 1962, X-15 No 3 flew at Edwards Air Force Base on its seventh mission. The 34,000-pound vehicle successfully completed a suborbital flight 11 minutes long during which Bob White became the first X-15 pilot to go above 50 statute miles and thereby earn astronaut wings from the U.S. Air Force. Bob White achieved a maximum altitude of over 59 miles during the flight. Example 3: Mission # 176 - USSR 07/27/71 TT G-1-E 200000 LBS 0 MIN 0 MI 0 MI - DEG NEW SUPER BOOSTER FAILURE On July 27, 1971, the Soviet Union attempted a test launch of their G-1-e, a Saturn V-class booster, from the Tyuratam launch complex. The rocket exploded on the launch pad without taking off. The unmanned booster could carry a payload of approximately 200,000 pounds. Example 4: Mission # 283 STS-6 USA 04/04/83 KSC CHALLENGER 256744 LBS 90 MIN 174 MI 180 MI 28.5 DEG 1ST SHUTTLE EVA & DEPLOYED 1ST TDRS On April 4, 1983, the United States launched the shuttle orbiter Challenger from the Kennedy Space Center on the sixth Space Shuttle mission. The vehicle, which weighed 256,744 pounds including payload and crew, entered an orbit inclined 28.5 degrees to the equator with a period of 90 minutes. The lowest point of the orbit was 174 statute miles and the highest point was 180 miles. The mission of the crew of the Challenger was to deploy the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) and to conduct the first spacewalk of the shuttle program. III - Directions To start the program from the Workbench click twice on the SpaceLog icon, or from the CLI change directory to the one containing SpaceLog and type "Run AmigaBASIC SpaceLog" (assuming AmigaBASIC and SpaceLog are in the same directory). After AmigaBASIC is loaded, SpaceLog itself will load. When the program begins to run it will change the screen colors, display the title, and ask you to wait while it loads the data on the missions. The data file necessary to run this program is called "SLMissions" and contains 368 man-related space missions for the USA and the USSR. After the data is loaded the computer will ask you to press the right mouse button for the program menu. The menu choices are shown below. Change File List Missions Print Missions Show Totals Quit Load Data All Missions All Missions Nation Table Quit SpaceLog Add New Mission By Mission By Mission Nation Graph Change Mission By Nation By Nation Date Table Delete Mission By Date By Date Date Graph Save Changes By Site By Site Site Table By Vehicle By Vehicle Site Graph Site Map Vehicle Table Depending on your choice from the program menu the following will happen: Change File Load Data - Although the program automatically loads the data when the program is first run, this option lets you reload the data from disk if you made any mistakes when you made changes to the file. After the data is loaded the program will ask you to return to the menu. Add New Mission - If you select this you will be asked to enter eleven different fields of data for the new mission. Any letters you input will automatically be converted to upper case after you hit return. If you type in more than the allowed number of characters the field will be truncated. If you do not know the information for the field the program is asking about just enter a "-" (minus sign). There can be no more than 400 missions in the data file. Mission - name of the mission, must be no longer than 19 characters Nation - nation that launched the mission, must be either "USA" or "USSR" Date - launch date of the mission, must be of format MM/DD/YY, i.e. April 12th in 1981 is 04/12/81 Site - launch site, must be no longer than 4 characters (see Section IV for launch site abbreviations) Vehicle - launch vehicle used, must be no longer than 14 characters Weight (LBS) - weight of mission in pounds, must be no more than 6 digits without a decimal point and rounded off to the nearest pound Period (MIN) - orbital period in minutes, for suborbital flights it is total flight time, must be no more than 5 places including decimal point, rounded off to the nearest tenth of a minute Perigee (MI) - orbital perigee in statute miles, for suborbital flights it is zero, must be no more than 5 digits without a decimal point, rounded off to nearest mile Apogee (MI) - orbital apogee in statute miles, for suborbital flights it is the maximum altitude reached, must be no more than 5 digits without a decimal point, rounded off to the nearest mile Inclination (DEG) - orbital inclination in degrees, for suborbital flights it is a "-", no more than 5 places with decimal point, rounded off to nearest tenth of a degree Remarks - special remarks about the mission, must be no longer than 37 characters After you enter the mission it will automatically be put in the correct chronological order in relation to the other missions. After the addition is put in the correct order the program will tell you to return to the menu. Any additions you make to the file are not made permanent until the file is saved to disk. Change Mission - To change a mission you must know its mission number. After you enter the mission number the program will display the data for that mission and ask you which of the eleven fields to change. The program will then show the field you are replacing and ask for the new field. Any letters you input will automatically be converted to upper case after you hit return. After the program has made the change it will ask if you want to make any more changes to the mission. If you want to make more changes it will repeat the above process, otherwise it will tell you to return to the menu. The changes you make are not made permanent until the file is saved to disk. (Note: You should not change the date so that it will change the position of the mission relative to other missions within the file. You have to delete the mission and then add a new mission with the correct date. This method has to be used because the program will not check to make sure the mission is in the correct order except when adding a new mission.) Delete Mission - To delete a mission you must know its mission number. The program will ask you which mission number you want to delete. The data for that mission will be displayed and you will be asked if this is the correct mission. If it is not the correct mission just type "n" and the mission will not be deleted. If the mission is correct type "y" and the mission will be marked in the file as deleted. After the mission is deleted the program will tell you to return to the menu. Any deletions you make are not made permanent until the file is saved to disk. (Note: The program marks a mission as deleted by changing its Nation to "X". If you want to undelete a mission and you know its mission number it is possible to change the mission Nation back to "USA" or "USSR" from "X" and thereby undelete the mission.) Save Changes - This option will save the mission file currently in memory to the disk and replace the previous version of "SLMissions". Up until you actually save your additions, changes, and deletions they are only temporary and will be erased when you quit the program. The program will tell you to wait until it is done saving the file and then it will tell you to return to the menu. List Missions All Missions - To list all of the man-related space missions in chronological order the program will first ask you for the mission numbers to start and end the list with. After you tell the computer where to start and end its listing the program will display the missions one at a time. After each mission is displayed you must hit the space bar to tell the computer to display the next mission or hit the return key to stop the listing. After you hit the return key or reach the end of the listing the computer will tell you to return to the menu. By Mission, By Nation, By Date, By Site, By Vehicle - To list missions by Mission, Nation, Date, Site, or Vehicle is almost exactly the same as listing all missions. The only difference is that you can specify which of the five fields you want to search and what the matching field must be. A special feature of the program is that it will search through the file checking for matches up to the length of the matching field you typed in (i.e. If you ask for missions with a Vehicle of "ATLAS" you will get those with "ATLAS D", "ATLAS-X259", "ATLAS-AGENA D", and "ATLAS F".). Print Missions All Missions - This option is similar to listing all missions except the output is sent to a text file called "SLPAll" instead of to the screen. This file is saved to disk with one line for each mission in the following format: Columns 1 - 19: Mission Column 20: blank Columns 21 - 24: Nation Column 25: blank Columns 26 - 33: Date Column 34: blank Columns 35 - 38: Site Column 39: blank Columns 40 - 53: Vehicle Column 54: blank Columns 55 - 60: Weight (LBS) Column 61: blank Columns 62 - 66: Period (MIN) Column 67: blank Columns 68 - 72: Perigee (MI) Column 73: blank Columns 74 - 78: Apogee (MI) Column 79: blank Columns 80 - 84: Inclination (DEG) Column 85: blank Columns 86 - 122: Remarks Do not use this option more than once because the old file will be overwritten by the new file. After the data is written to disk the program will ask you to return to the menu. This file will list the missions in chronological order. If you want to list the missions in another order, from outside the program use the Sort command located in your C: directory. For example, to sort the missions alphabetically on Vehicle and put the result in a new file called "SLPTest" you would type "Sort SLPAll TO SLPTest COLSTART 40". Another example is to sort all of the missions alphabetically on Mission and put the result in "SLPTest2". To do this you would type from the CLI "Sort SLPAll TO SLPTest2 COLSTART 1". The program will also create a text file called "SLPAllTop" that can be used as a heading for "SLPAll". This file contains the title, the starting and ending dates for "SLPAll", and column headings for each of the eleven data fields. After you are done sorting the file "SLPAll", you can add the heading by using the Join command in your C: directory. If you used the above example of the file sorted on Vehicle, and joined it to the heading file to get a new file called "SLPTest3", you would type "Join SLPAllTop SLPTest AS SLPTest3". You could then dump the file "SLPTest3" to the printer. Be sure that your Preferences settings are correct (i.e. The margins are wide enough to print 122 characters.) before you print out the file. By Mission, By Nation, By Date, By Site, By Vehicle - To print missions by Mission, Nation, Date, Site, or Vehicle is almost exactly the same as listing missions by Mission, Nation, etc. The only difference is that you print the output to disk in the same format as above. The text files are called "SLPMis", "SLPNat", "SLPDat", "SLPSit", and "SLPVeh" respectively. Do not use any one option more than once or you will erase the earlier version of the file. These text files also have their respective heading files that have the same names with "Top" attached to the end (SLPNatTop, SLPDatTop, etc.). These heading files also contain the field you searched and what you matched the field against. Show Totals Nation Table - This option will compute annual mission totals for each nation as well as the final total for each nation. It will ask you to wait while it computes the data which will then be displayed in tabular form on the screen. It will take around 10 seconds (all times assume you are running on a 68000-equipped Amiga with no other CPU-intensive tasks) before the table is displayed. The computer will then tell you to return to the menu. Nation Graph - This option will give you the same data as in the Nation Table option but it will be presented in a graph with year as the horizontal axis and missions per year as the vertical axis. This option takes about 10 seconds to run. Date Table - This option will display a table showing how many times each nation launched missions during each week of the year. The program will ask you to wait while it takes about 15 seconds to compute the data and display it. It will then tell you to return to the menu. The table displays data for 53 weeks because there are 52 weeks and a day in a year (two days in a leap year). This extra day or two is counted as the 53rd week. The beginning of each week corresponds to the following dates (assuming it isn't a leap year, then all dates for weeks 10 and up would be a day earlier): Week Date Week Date Week Date Week Date ---- ------------ ---- ------------ ---- ------------ ---- ------------ 1 January 1 2 January 8 3 January 15 4 January 22 5 January 29 6 February 5 7 February 12 8 February 19 9 February 26 10 March 5 11 March 12 12 March 19 13 March 26 14 April 2 15 April 9 16 April 16 17 April 23 18 April 30 19 May 7 20 May 14 21 May 21 22 May 28 23 June 4 24 June 11 25 June 18 26 June 25 27 July 2 28 July 9 29 July 16 30 July 23 31 July 30 32 August 6 33 August 13 34 August 20 35 August 27 36 September 3 37 September 10 38 September 17 39 September 24 40 October 1 41 October 8 42 October 15 43 October 22 44 October 29 45 November 5 46 November 12 47 November 19 48 November 26 49 December 3 50 December 10 51 December 17 52 December 24 53 December 31 Date Graph - This option is the same as above except that a graph is displayed. The horizontal axis is the week and the vertical axis is the missions per week. The weeks on the graph are numbered from 1 up to 51 in steps of 5 and go from left to right. This option takes about 15 seconds to run. Site Table - This option will compute the number of times each launch site is used for a mission and output the results in a table. The computer will ask you to wait while it computes the information for the table and this will take about 15 seconds. The table will list the sites in the order they were first encountered in the data file and it will display the site, the nation, and the number of missions for each site. Once the table is displayed the computer will ask you to return to the menu. Site Graph - This option will give you the same data as above except it will be presented as a bar graph. The horizontal axis is the site and the vertical axis is the missions per site. This option will take about 15 seconds to run. Site Map - This option will draw a Mercator projection map of the Earth and show the location of the launch sites. The map shows the globe from 67 degrees North on the top to 67 degrees South on the bottom, and from 30 degrees West on the left side around the globe counterclockwise to 30 degrees West on the right. The latitude and longitude lines are drawn at 30 degree intervals. This option will take about 15 seconds to run. The data for this map came from a Space Shuttle Mercator Orbit Map published for NASA by the Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center in St. Louis, Missouri. After the map is drawn the program will ask you to return to the menu. Vehicle Table - This option will search through the data file from the beginning to end and find how many times a launch vehicle was used for a mission, which nation used the vehicle, and what year it was first used. The computer will ask you to wait while it computes the information and it will then display it as a table on the screen. It will take approximately 50 seconds before the table appears on the screen. The computer will then tell you to return to the menu. Quit Quit SpaceLog - This option will exit the program and AmigaBASIC and return you to the Workbench or the CLI. IV - Release Notes Version Date Changes 1.54 1/8/90 Total of 368 missions in data file. 1.53 11/1/89 Can now change more than one field at a time for each mission. Program now sleeps waiting for mouse input. Minor bug fixes. Total of 364 missions in data file. 1.52 5/10/89 Modified map of Earth, added location of Ramenskoye to map, revised Soviet mission weights, and added Buran glide tests. Total of 360 missions in data file. 1.51 1/21/89 Fixed bugs in charts, added more points to map of Earth. Total of 350 missions in data file. 1.5 1/3/89 Added map of Earth showing launch sites, modified charts to make them better looking, changed program to handle more missions, added two Soviet unmanned failures to data. Total of 348 missions in data file. 1.0-1.41 Who keeps notes? V - Launch Sites United States EAFB - Edwards Air Force Base: This California desert site hosts the Air Force Flight Test Center and NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility where the M2-F2, HL-10, and X-24B lifting bodies were tested. It is also used as a shuttle contingency landing site. X-15 missions and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests were conducted here. The location of Edwards Air Force Base is 118 degrees West and 35 degrees North. KSC - Kennedy Space Center, including Cape Canaveral Air Force Station: Both are located on the Florida coast near Titusville. NASA's Kennedy Space Center was not given this name until 1964. Site for all American manned launches through the present. Missions launched from here include Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Space Shuttle, Saturn, ASSET, FIRE, MOL, etc. The location of Kennedy Space Center is 81 degrees West and 29 degrees North. VAFB - Vandenberg Air Force Base: This base is in California near Lompoc and is mainly used for military satellites and ICBM tests. Space Shuttle missions needing high-inclination (greater than 57 degrees) orbits were originally planned to be launched from here. The X-23A missions were launched here. The location of Vandenberg Air Force Base is 121 degrees West and 35 degrees North. WI - Wallops Island: NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, located on Wallops Island off of the coast of Virginia, is mainly used for sounding rocket flights and Scout launches. Little Joe, Reentry, and RAM missions were launched from here. The location of Wallops Island is 76 degrees West and 38 degrees North. WSMR - White Sands Missile Range: This site in New Mexico is the Army's main missile test site and was first established in 1945. One of the main facilities is located north of El Paso, Texas. The Apollo launch abort tests using Little Joe II boosters were done here. The location of White Sands Missile Range is 106 degrees West and 33 degrees North. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics KY - Kapustin Yar: This site is also known as the Volgograd Station because it is located south of the city of Volgograd. The only man-related launches from this site have been the subscale spaceplane tests. The location of Kapustin Yar is 46 degrees East and 48 degrees North. PL - Plesetsk: This major military missile base is also known as the Northern Cosmodrome. It is located south of Archangel near the town of Plesetsk. Plesetsk is very similar to the United States' Vandenberg Air Force Base in that it concentrates activities on ICBM and high-inclination launches. The location of Plesetsk is 40 degrees East and 63 degrees North. RS - Ramenskoye: This test center for Soviet aircraft is located northeast of Moscow and serves a purpose similar to the United States' Edwards Air Force Base. The location of Ramenskoye is 39 degrees East and 56 degrees North. TT - Tyuratam: Also known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome, this complex east of the Aral Sea has been used for all Soviet manned missions. The new Soviet Energia booster and its Buran shuttle derivative are launched from here. All Korabl Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz, Salyut, Progress, and Mir flights have been launched from here as well. The location of Tyuratam is 63 degrees East and 46 degrees North. VI - Soviet Launch Vehicle Designations There are two main designation methods for Soviet launch vehicles. The method used in the Manned Space Log is that developed by the late Dr. Charles Sheldon of the Congressional Research Service. The first letter in the designation indicates the family of related vehicles. The number is the variant within the family. Another letter, if present, shows the use of an additional upper stage ("e" stands for escape, "m" for maneuvering, "r" for reentry). The other method is used by the Department of Defense. The "SL" in the DOD method stands for "Space Launcher". A conversion table for the two methods is given below. Sheldon DOD Payloads (Glavkosmos Name) A SL-1 Sputnik 1 A SL-2 Sputniks 2 & 3 A-1 SL-3 Vostok, remote sensing (Vostok) A-2 SL-4 Voskhod, Soyuz, Progress (Soyuz) A-2-e? SL-5 A-2-e SL-6 early lunar probes, early warning (Molniya) B-1 SL-7 small early Kosmos C-1 SL-8 communications, navigation (Kosmos) D-1 SL-9 D-1-e SL-12 lunar probes, geosynchronous (Proton) D-1 SL-13 Mir, Kvant F-1-r SL-10 FOBS F-1-m SL-11 ocean surveillance F-2 SL-14 elint, remote sensing (Tsyklon) G-1-e SL-15 lunar spacecraft J-1 SL-16 elint (Zenit) K-1 SL-17 space station? (Energia) ? ? shuttle (Buran) VII - Sources The following were used as sources of information in compiling the Manned Space Log and are recommended for further reading. Additional information was obtained from the Satellite Digest which appears regularly in the British Interplanetary Society's Spaceflight magazine. "New Cosmonaut Crew Launched to Mir; Station Expansion to Begin in October." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11 September 1989, pp. 39. Baker, David. The History of Manned Spaceflight. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1981. Bartlett, H. E., J. W. Dean, and A. H. Owen. ASSET: Systems Description and Evaluation. Vol. 2. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, 1965. Bilstein, Roger E. Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1980. von Braun, Wernher, and Frederick I. Ordway, III. History of Rocketry & Space Travel. 3rd rev. ed. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1975. Brooks, Courtney G., James M. Grimwood, and Loyd S. Swenson, Jr. Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1979. Clark, Phillip. Letter to author. 26 May 1986. ----------. The Soviet Manned Space Program. New York: Orion Books, 1988. Compton, W. David, and Charles D. Benson. Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1983. Covault, Craig. "Soviet Space Shuttle Prepared For Second Launch Attempt." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 November 1988, 26-27. ----------. "Soviet Shuttle Launched On Energia Booster." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 21 November 1988, 18-21. ----------. "Soviets Release Details of Shuttle Payload Capabilities." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 21 November 1988, 21. Ezell, Edward C., and Linda N. Ezell. The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1978. Flight Evaluation Office, Johnson Space Center. Shuttle Flight Data and Inflight Anamoly List. Revision I. Houston, Texas: NASA, 1986. Foster, Lee R., Jr. Letter to author. 25 February 1986. Furniss, Tim. Manned Spaceflight Log. London: Jane's Publishing Company, Ltd., 1983. ----------. Space Flight-The Records. Enfield, Middlesex, England: Guinness Superlatives, Ltd., 1985. Gatland, Kenneth, et al. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology. New York: Harmony Books, 1981. Golovachev, Victor. "Top Pilots Ready to Fly Buran." Spaceflight, 31 (1989), 152-153. Hacker, Barton C., and James M. Grimwood. On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1977. Haeseler, Dietrich. "Design Features of the Mir Space Station." Spaceflight, 28 (1986), 384-385. ----------. "Maintaining a Space Station." Spaceflight, 28 (1986), 426-429. Hall, Rex. "The Soviet Cosmonaut Team 1956-1967." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 41 (1988), 107-110. ----------. "The Soviet Cosmonaut Team, 1978-1987." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 41 (1988), 111-116. Hallion, Richard P. On the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden, 1946-1981. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1984. Johnson, Nicholas L. The Soviet Year in Space: 1983. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1984. ----------. The Soviet Year in Space: 1984. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1985. ----------. The Soviet Year in Space: 1985. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1986. ----------. The Soviet Year in Space: 1986. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1987. ----------. The Soviet Year in Space: 1987. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1988. ----------. The Soviet Year in Space: 1988. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1989. Kidger, Neville. "Glasnost and the Moon." Spaceflight, 31 (1989), 333. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Space. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968. Mills, P. "Energia and Buran at Baikonur." Spaceflight, 31 (1989), 380-385. Newkirk, Dennis. Letter to author. 1986. Oberg, James E. Red Star in Orbit. New York: Random House, 1981. Parfitt, John, and Alan Bond. "The Soviet Manned Lunar Landing Programme." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 40 (1987), 231-234. Project Operations Branch, Goddard Space Flight Center. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 27, No. 2. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1987. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 27, No. 3. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1987. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 27, No. 4. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1987. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 28, No. 1. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1988. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 28, No. 2. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1988. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 28, No. 3. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1988. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 28, No. 4. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1988. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 29, No. 1. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1989. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 29, No. 2. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1989. ----------. Satellite Situation Report. Vol. 29, No. 3. Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA, 1989. Ritchie, Eleanor H. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1976: A Chronology. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1984. Shayler, David J., and Rex D. Hall. The Soviet Cosmonaut Detachment: 1960-1985. Vol. 1. Halesowen, West Midlands, England: Astro Info Service, 1985. Sherman, Madeline W., ed. TRW Space Log. Vol. 20. Redondo Beach, California: Electronics and Defense Sector of TRW, 1984. Smith, Marcia S. "Soviet Space Activities." Spaceweek-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. 19 July 1984. Swenson, Loyd S., Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1966. Thompson, Tina D., ed. TRW Space Log. Vol. 21. Redondo Beach, California: Electronics and Defense Sector of TRW, 1986. ----------. TRW Space Log. Vol. 22. Redondo Beach, California: Space & Technology Group, Electronics and Defense Sector of TRW, 1987. ----------. TRW Space Log. Vol. 23. Redondo Beach, California: Space & Technology Group, Electronics and Defense Sector of TRW, 1988. ----------. TRW Space Log. Vol. 24. Redondo Beach, California: Space & Technology Group, Space & Defense Sector of TRW, 1989. U.S. Cong. Office of Technology Assessment. Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space-A Technical Memorandum. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1983. ----------. U.S.-Soviet Cooperation in Space-A Technical Memorandum. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1985. U.S. Cong. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 Supporting Facilities and Launch Vehicles, Political Goals and Purposes, International Cooperation in Space, Administration, Resource Burden, Future Outlook. Pt. 1. 97th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982. ----------. Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with supplementary data through 1983) Manned Space Programs and Space Life Sciences. Pt. 2. 98th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1984. ----------. Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with supplementary data through 1983) Unmanned Space Activities. Pt. 3. 99th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1985. ----------. Soviet Space Programs: 1981-87 Piloted Space Activities, Launch Vehicles, Launch Sites, and Tracking Support. Pt. 1. 100th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1988. Vick, Charles. "The Soviet Space Program." Spaceweek-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. 23 July 1988. Yenne, Bill. The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft. New York: Exeter Books, 1985. Young, Dick. Letter to author. 24 June 1986. VIII - Space-Related Organizations If you are interested in supporting the exploration and development of space, there are several organizations of people who share an interest in space. I belong to the two space-related organizations listed below. They both have excellent magazines. I recommend that you join either or both of them for more information. The British Interplanetary Society - This organization was founded in 1933 and is still going strong. The society publishes two very good magazines, Spaceflight and Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS). Annual dues are 25 British pounds ($45 U.S.) and includes 12 issues of Spaceflight. Spaceflight has particularly good coverage of the Soviet and European space programs while JBIS is more technical in nature. For more information write: The British Interplanetary Society, 27/29 South Lambeth Rd., London SW8 1SZ, England. The National Space Society - Founded in 1987 by the merger of the former National Space Institute with the L-5 Society. Both previous organizations were founded in the mid-1970s. NSS members receive the Ad Astra magazine. Annual dues are $30 U.S. and includes 12 issues of Ad Astra. NSS also runs the Mir Watch and Space Hotline and has an annual Space Development Conference. NSS has local chapters all across the United States and around the world. For more information call (202) 543-1900 or write: National Space Society, 922 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 20003.